Herpes infection encephalitis: An overview of diagnosis, treatment, management, and nursing interventions

Abstract

Background: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a severe central nervous system disorder caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2). Despite advances in antiviral treatments, the condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and management are critical to reducing adverse outcomes. Aim: This study provides an overview of HSE, including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and nursing interventions. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyze HSE from historical, clinical, and therapeutic perspectives. Data were collected on the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools such as cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction (CSF-PCR), and the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Specific attention was given to nursing care in managing HSE patients. Results: HSE is predominantly caused by HSV-1, with a global incidence of 2–4 cases per million annually. Typical symptoms include fever, altered mental status, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis relies on CSF-PCR, neuroimaging, and clinical evaluation. Treatment with acyclovir significantly reduces mortality but does not eliminate the risk of long-term neurological deficits. Nursing interventions focus on symptom management, patient education, and psychosocial support. Conclusion: Despite significant advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, HSE remains in a life-threatening condition. Early identification and comprehensive management, including tailored nursing care, are essential to improve patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary approaches are recommended for optimal care.