Carpal tunnel syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing interventions-an updated review

Abstract

Background: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common form of compressive neuropathy, with an incidence of 1 to 3 per 1,000 individuals and a prevalence of 50 per 1,000 individuals, affecting women more frequently than men. The condition often arises from repetitive wrist movements and poses a substantial economic burden, particularly in occupational settings. Aim: The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment options, and nursing interventions for CTS, in order to inform healthcare professionals about effective management strategies. Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature on CTS was conducted, focusing on the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities. The review also examined conservative and surgical interventions, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroid injections, hand therapy, and surgical procedures like flexor retinaculum release. Results: CTS is primarily caused by median nerve compression due to increased pressure in the carpal tunnel. Common risk factors include gender, pregnancy, diabetes, and certain occupations involving repetitive wrist movements. Diagnosis is confirmed through physical examinations (e.g., Phalen’s test, Durkan’s test) and electrodiagnostic studies such as nerve conduction velocity testing and electromyography. Treatment options range from conservative approaches, including wrist splints and corticosteroid injections, to surgical interventions in severe cases.Conclusion: Effective management of CTS involves accurate diagnosis through clinical examination and electrodiagnostic tests, followed by appropriate treatment based on symptom severity. Conservative methods provide relief for most patients, but surgery is necessary for those with severe nerve damage or muscle atrophy. Early intervention is crucial to prevent long-term disability and reduce the financial impact of CTS.