Post COVID-19 syndrome: Overview, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing interventions

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global health crisis, and while much of the research has focused on the acute phase of infection, post-COVID syndrome (PCS) has emerged as a significant long-term concern. PCS refers to a wide range of symptoms that persist long after the resolution of the initial infection, affecting various organ systems and significantly impacting the quality of life. Aim: This article aims to explore the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and current treatment options for post-COVID syndrome, highlighting the need for comprehensive nursing interventions to address the multifaceted nature of this condition. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and relevant scientific resources was conducted to gather information on post-COVID syndrome. A total of 79 articles were included in the review, focusing on the syndrome's pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and proposed interventions. Research on long-term complications of COVID-19 was analyzed, including those related to neurological, respiratory, and psychological issues. Results: Post-COVID syndrome presents a wide variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, gastrointestinal distress, and neurological issues such as cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. The pathogenesis appears to be linked to prolonged inflammation, immune dysregulation, and neuronal dysfunction. Recent studies indicate the involvement of elevated cytokines, which may exacerbate central nervous system complications, contributing to cognitive impairments and fatigue. Conclusion: Post-COVID syndrome remains a complex condition with significant variability in its presentation. It is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to develop effective treatments. Nursing interventions play a critical role in managing PCS by providing comprehensive care that includes symptom management, patient education, and multidisciplinary coordination.