Chronic kidney disease in Dogs: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a prevalent and progressive condition in dogs, particularly affecting older animals. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of CKD in dogs, discussing its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment strategies. CKD is characterized by a gradual decline in renal function due to nephron loss, leading to complications such as proteinuria, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances. The review highlights the impact of aging, breed predispositions, and nephrotoxic medications as primary risk factors. Diagnostic approaches rely on clinical signs, blood tests (such as urea and creatinine levels), urine analysis, and imaging. While CKD cannot be cured, the management of the disease focuses on slowing progression through dietary modifications, pharmacological interventions, and fluid therapy. The role of specialized renal diets, blood pressure control, phosphate binders, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are discussed in detail. The article also examines the long-term prognosis of CKD in dogs, emphasizing the importance of early detection and ongoing monitoring to improve outcomes and quality of life. By reviewing current research and treatment methods, this article aims to offer veterinarians an updated perspective on the diagnosis and management of CKD in canine patients, ultimately aiding in better clinical decision-making and improving patient care.