Ketosis in dairy cattle: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Ketosis, a pivotal metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, emerges during the critical transition period, characterized by a negative energy balance (NEB) and excessive mobilization of fat reserves. This imbalance leads to an overproduction of ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone), significantly impairing liver function and overall metabolic health. The review meticulously explores the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations, distinguishing between subclinical and clinical ketosis, with implications for productivity, fertility, and economic sustainability. Cutting-edge diagnostic methodologies, including beta-hydroxybutyrate assays and infrared spectroscopy, are highlighted alongside novel biomarkers for early detection. Preventive strategies, emphasizing optimized nutritional management, body condition monitoring, and environmental modifications, are underscored as critical for reducing ketosis prevalence in high-yield dairy systems. Treatment paradigms integrating intravenous dextrose, propylene glycol, and emerging metabolic interventions are analyzed for efficacy. The synthesis of historical data, recent advances, and practical applications positions this review as a comprehensive resource for understanding and mitigating ketosis in dairy cattle. By prioritizing early intervention and precision management, this article aims to bridge the gap between metabolic health and sustainable dairy production.