Review on pathological and diagnostic features of horn and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in ruminants

Abstract

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is a common malignant tumor affecting bovines, particularly in the horns and ocular regions, causing significant economic losses. This study reviews SCC's pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathology, and immunohistochemical markers in cattle. Factors such as ultraviolet radiation, viral infections (e.g., bovine papillomavirus), and chronic irritation predispose cattle to SCC. Bulls, bullocks, and older cattle are more susceptible. Diagnostic approaches include cytological evaluation and immunohistochemistry targeting markers like p53 and cytokeratins, aiding in assessing tumor aggression and metastasis. Breed-specific susceptibility highlights the role of genetics. This review emphasizes early diagnosis and management strategies to mitigate economic losses and improve animal welfare in the dairy industry.