Biochemical alterations in cancer: A clinical chemistry perspective on tumor pathogenesis

Abstract

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and abnormal tissue invasion. Biochemical alterations play a central role in tumor pathogenesis and progression, serving as both markers of disease and potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a clinical chemistry perspective on the biochemical changes associated with cancer, focusing on the molecular and metabolic alterations that underpin tumorigenesis. Key alterations in cellular signaling pathways, including those related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and metastasis, are discussed in the context of their biochemical implications. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, such as the Warburg effect, altered amino acid metabolism, and dysregulated lipid metabolism, is explored in detail, highlighting how these changes support the rapid growth and survival of tumors. Additionally, we examine the role of serum biomarkers, enzymes, and other molecular profiles that are increasingly used in clinical diagnostics and prognosis. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding these biochemical alterations for early detection, personalized treatment strategies, and the development of novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. By integrating clinical chemistry with molecular oncology, we aim to provide insights into the biochemical foundation of cancer and its potential for improving clinical outcomes in cancer management.