A thorough review of liver cirrhosis: Epidemiology, causes, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment management

Abstract

Cirrhosis is marked by the development of regenerative nodules in the liver parenchyma, surrounded by fibrous tissue, as a result of chronic liver damage. It arises due to liver cell necrosis, followed by fibrosis and nodule formation. This alters the liver's structure, disrupting blood flow and liver function, leading to portal hypertension and impaired hepatocyte activity. Chronic liver diseases, including cirrhosis, are a major global health concern. The exact global prevalence of cirrhosis is unclear, as the disease can range from mild and asymptomatic to severe with full hepatic decompensation. Diagnosing cirrhosis involves serological and histological tests, transient elastography, and imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI. Treatments vary based on the underlying cause: ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis, prednisone and azathioprine for autoimmune hepatitis, interferon and antiviral drugs for hepatitis B and C, phlebotomy for hemochromatosis, and trientine and zinc for Wilson's disease. Liver transplantation is the primary curative option, though it carries significant risks. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of cirrhosis.