Role of diet in type II diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Diabetes is a growing global health issue, particularly in developing countries, and is classified as a non-communicable disease. Lifestyle choices are crucial in the onset of diabetes, with oxidative stress now recognized as a key mechanism in its development. Chronic high blood sugar levels can exacerbate oxidative stress by generating more free radicals and reducing the effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes in the blood. Increased oxidative stress also contributes significantly to minor complications associated with diabetes. This study assessed lifestyle, dietary habits, and antioxidant levels in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) through two phases. Analysis of data from city hospital patients revealed that the majority were middle class, with 52.3% having a family history of diabetes. Central fat, measured by waist circumference, was elevated in both genders. A significant 79.6% of participants were not physically active, while only 40.7% maintained an active lifestyle. Higher emotional and life-related stress scores correlated with increased depression. Pain from diabetes also intensified as the disease progressed. Medication adherence was 86.2%, but only 34.4% of participants received nutritional counselling, reflecting a gap in nutritional knowledge. Carbohydrates made up 61.75% of total calorie intake, and intake of beta-carotene, vitamin C, and daily fruit and vegetable consumption fell short of recommended levels, indicating insufficient antioxidant intake.