Advances in solar cell technology: A comprehensive review of materials, efficiency, and applications

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources to address global energy challenges, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Over the past decades, advancements in solar cell technologies have significantly improved energy conversion efficiency, reduced production costs, and expanded applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of solar cell technologies, ranging from first-generation wafer-based cells to second-generation thin-film technologies and emerging third-generation designs such as quantum dot, polymer, and perovskite cells. Each technology is analyzed in terms of materials, efficiency, manufacturing processes, and scalability. Additionally, the paper discusses challenges related to energy storage, which is critical for maximizing the potential of solar power systems. By understanding the developments and obstacles in solar technology, this review highlights the future trends in research and commercialization, driving solar energy toward becoming a dominant global power source.