Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients: A prospective study

Abstract

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major complication in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation, significantly contributing to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, microbiological profile, and outcomes of VAP in ICU settings. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted over one year in the Department of General Medicine at RVS Institute of Medical Sciences, Chittoor. A total of 60 patients on mechanical ventilation for >48 hours were included. VAP diagnosis was based on clinical and microbiological criteria, using the Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (mCPIS). Data on demographics, intubation methods, and microbiological findings were analyzed statistically.Results: The VAP incidence was 33.3%, with higher prevalence among patients undergoing emergency intubation (38.9%). Mortality among VAP patients was 53.3%, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. was the most common pathogen (50%). Equal proportions of early and late VAP cases were observed. Recovery was higher in younger patients, while older age and emergency intubation were associated with poorer outcomes. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant burden of VAP and its association with multidrug resistance and mortality. Emphasis on infection control, early detection, and targeted therapies is critical to improving patient outcomes.