The hidden dangers of winter: A brief review how cold stress affects cattle production

Abstract

Cold stress significantly impacts cattle health and productivity, especially in regions with harsh winter conditions. Exposure to temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone can lead to alterations in hematobiochemical parameters, including elevated blood glucose and liver enzyme levels, as well as impaired immune function. Cold stress also disrupts reproductive efficiency by causing hormonal imbalances, delayed estrus, and reduced conception rates. Additionally, it negatively affects milk yield and composition. Adaptations at the cellular level, such as changes in gene expression and protein synthesis, help cattle cope with cold exposure. Mitigation strategies, including improved shelter, nutrition, and health management, are essential to minimize the effects of cold stress and maintain livestock productivity.