Effect of swimming pool water on staining susceptibility of various restorative materials

Abstract

The swimming community pays close attention to pH and chlorine levels because these factors dictate whether pool water is safe, pleasant, and enjoyable for swimmers or irritant and has adverse impacts on the person. Exposure to swimming pool water can lead to significant staining of composite resins and glass ionomers, particularly when the water contains high levels of copper salts. The staining can be more pronounced in outdoor pools, where the water is exposed to sunlight, which can further contribute to the degradation of the restorative materials and also after drinking Nescafe and red tea.