The role of genetic factors in dental and oral health: A review of current research and clinical implications

Abstract

Background: Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining dental and oral health, influencing conditions such as tooth development, periodontal diseases, and susceptibility to cavities. Understanding these genetic influences is vital for improving diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies. Objective: To review the current research on the role of genetic factors in dental and oral health, focusing on how these factors affect various oral conditions and the implications for clinical practice. Methods: A detailed review of peer-reviewed studies and genetic research was conducted, analyzing data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), family studies, and clinical trials published between 2010 and 2023. The review focused on genes linked to dental anomalies, periodontal diseases, caries, and oral cancers. Studies examining gene-environment interactions and epigenetic influences were also included. Results: Research has identified specific genes, such as MSX1 and PAX9, linked to tooth development disorders, while variations in IL-1 and TNF-α have been associated with increased susceptibility to periodontal diseases. Genetic predisposition to dental caries has been traced to genes involved in enamel formation, such as AMELX and ENAM. Additionally, certain polymorphisms in genes like CDKN2A are linked to higher risks of oral cancers. Gene-environment interactions, including the influence of diet and oral hygiene habits, further modulate these genetic risks. Conclusion: Genetic factors significantly influence dental and oral health outcomes, shaping susceptibility to a range of conditions. Future clinical practice should integrate genetic screening and personalized treatment approaches to enhance prevention and management of dental diseases.