Edible vaccines from fruit and vegetables: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Edible vaccines derived from genetically modified fruits and vegetables represent an innovative approach to vaccination, combining biotechnology, agriculture, and immunology. This review explores the development, efficacy, and potential of edible vaccines, examining their ability to provoke immune responses in humans, mitigate infectious diseases, and improve global access to vaccines. This paper discusses the technical challenges, regulatory hurdles, and societal acceptance of plant-based vaccines. Additionally, we provide an overview of ongoing research, clinical trials, and the potential global impact of these vaccines, especially in low-income regions. By analyzing the current research landscape, we examine the future possibilities of edible vaccines, their contribution to global health, and their role in combating infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, cholera, Norwalk virus, and more.