Pathological perspectives on animal drowning: From external indicators to internal evidence

Abstract

In forensic veterinary pathology, accurately diagnosing drowning in animals is complex due to the subtlety of pathological changes and the variations in drowning mechanisms. Drowning results from asphyxia caused by fluid obstructing the airways, and effective diagnosis relies on a comprehensive examination of both external and internal signs of fluid aspiration and respiratory compromise. This article reviews the mechanisms of drowning, including dry drowning, post immersion syndrome, hydrocution, freshwater, and saltwater drowning. Each type has distinct pathological features and fatal periods, which help differentiate them during forensic investigations. Internal examination findings such as ballooning of the lungs, emphysema aquosum, oedema aquosum, and Paultouf's haemorrhages, along with ancillary tests like the diatom test and Gettler's test, are crucial for accurate diagnosis.