Size effects in nanomaterials: Theoretical insights

Abstract

Nanomaterials exhibit unique characteristic wherein their physicochemical properties are intrinsically linked to their dimensions. This article examines the core principles underlying the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials, linked to the critical length scales, and attributing them to two primary nanoscale phenomena: the inverse correlation between particle size and surface area-to-volume ratio, and the effects of spatial confinement. Additionally, this paper also discusses the mathematical description of gradual size effects through cluster size equations and identifies instances where discrete size effects become apparent, along with a concise overview of categorizing nanomaterials, the methodologies employed in their fabrication and characterization, thereby enhancing our understanding of their properties and prospective utilization in diverse scientific and technological fields.