A study on cost of cultivation and various income measures of pea in Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

The study reveal that the expenditure of pea cultivation was most pronounced on medium farms (Rs. 51,584.96) with small (Rs. 42,135.24) and marginal farms (Rs. 41,420.09) following yielding an average of Rs. 42,362.006. Notably cost of cultivation diminished as farm size escalated. The predominant cost component was human labor, comprising 32.23%, succeeded by rental value of land (16.52%), tractor charges (15.71%), seeds (9.23%), irrigation (4.8%) and manure/fertilizers (4.60%). The agriculture cost framework demonstrated a systematic increase, from, Cost A1/A2 at Rs. 23,564.54 to Cost C3 at Rs. 42,362.50. Marginal farms achieved the zenith of gross income (Rs. 88,050.80) and net returns (Rs. 46,630.26), while medium farms exhibited the lowest performance metrics. The mean income from family labor was Rs. 48,900.19, and production costs per quintal were calculated at Rs. 2,040.83. Input-output ratios ranged from 1:3.7 (Cost A1/A2) to 1:2.06 (Cost C3), revealing that larger agricultural enterprises faced diminishing returns as escalating input costs surpassed yield increments, resulting in a contraction of net income per hectare.