A review on Hodgkin lymphoma: Etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, management strategies and treatment modalities

Abstract

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm. It often affects young people and is most commonly seen in the cervical lymph nodes. It is characterized by large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells that are dispersed and appear on a backdrop of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells. Additionally T lymphocytes frequently surround the distinctive neoplastic cells. Although this depends on a number of conditions, Hodgkin lymphoma typically has a decent prognosis. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLP-HL) are the two separate kinds of HL, each exhibiting unique pathologic and clinical characteristics. About 95% of cases of HL are classified as classical Hodgkin lymphoma, which is further separated into four subgroups: lymphocyte-rich (LRHL), mixed cellularity (MCHL), lymphocyte-depleted (LDHL), and nodular sclerosis (NSHL). The assessment, management and side effects of Hodgkin lymphoma are demonstrated in this review, along with the significance of an interdisciplinary team approach to the disease's care.