Applications of ultrasonography imaging techniques in different aspects of bovine reproduction

Abstract

Ultrasound techniques are becoming increasingly significant in animal reproductive, serving as a diagnostic tool as well as a therapeutic tool. As a result, understanding the application of ultrasound technology is crucial in modern animal sciences, as tests using ultrasound are now a standard component of diagnostic workups in reproduction. Ultrasound technology allows for the early identification of animals carrying twin fetuses, allowing for the implementation of differential management strategies to avoid the negative effects of twinning on the general health of animal and also at parturition, and the inspection of ovarian and uterine abnormalities that are not reliably recognised by rectal palpation, enabling for the implementation of appropriate therapies. Although B-mode ultrasonography can examine organ shape, it cannot provide information regarding organ function, such as vascular perfusion. Doppler ultrasonography expanded the field of B-sonographic imaging from an anatomical to a physiological base. Color transrectal Doppler sonography is a valuable non-invasive tool for assessing genital perfusion in cows at various stages of the oestrous cycle, pregnancy, and puerperium. It adds to our understanding of the physiological and pathological processes that occur in the uterus and ovaries, and it may lead to novel methods for treating reproductive problems.