The impact of adipocytokines on thyroid function and obesity: A narrative review

Abstract

This review explores how adipocytokines affect thyroid function and obesity. Adipocytokines are active proteins secreted by fat tissue that play a crucial role in managing energy balance and metabolism. Recent studies suggest these substances influence thyroid function both directly and indirectly. This review focuses on how specific adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are linked to thyroid disorders and weight gain. Leptin affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, which controls thyroid hormone release. Obesity can disrupt leptin levels, potentially exacerbating thyroid-related metabolic issues. Conversely, adiponectin, which generally benefits thyroid function, often decreases in obese individuals. The review also considers how inflammation in fat tissue- triggered by pro-inflammatory adipocytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 can impair thyroid function and contribute to a cycle of weight gain and metabolic disturbances. In obese individuals, inflammation can hinder the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 to the more active T3, complicating their metabolic profile. By synthesizing recent research, this review highlights the significant impact of adipocytokines on the endocrine system and the interplay between thyroid disorders and obesity. Understanding these connections is essential for developing effective treatments, such as targeting adipocytokine pathways to manage obesity and thyroid dysfunction.