Photosynthetic efficiency in crops: Challenges and Innovations

Abstract

Photosynthesis is the cornerstone of crop productivity and a critical factor in ensuring global food security. Despite its importance, the efficiency of photosynthesis in many staple crops remains suboptimal, limiting potential yields. Over the past decade, significant research has focused on overcoming the inherent inefficiencies in photosynthesis through genetic engineering, biotechnology, and advanced agronomic practices. This review examines the challenges associated with improving photosynthetic efficiency (PE) in crops, with a particular focus on innovations from 2014 to 2023. Key developments, including the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, synthetic biology, and precision agriculture, are discussed in detail. The review also explores future directions for research and practical applications in sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to meet the growing global food demand.