Immune signatures of protective versus pathogenic responses in human tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, driven by the complex interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the host immune system. Understanding the immune signatures that differentiate protective responses from pathogenic ones is crucial for improving TB diagnostics, treatment, and vaccine development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the immune mechanisms underlying protective and pathogenic responses in human tuberculosis. It explores the roles of innate and adaptive immunity, highlighting key cellular and molecular markers, cytokine profiles, and immune pathways. Additionally, the review discusses the implications of these immune signatures for clinical practice and future research, offering insights into potential biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic targets.