Endophytic microorganisms: Their crucial role in plant health and pathogen defense

Abstract

Endophytic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, reside within plant tissues without causing harm and significantly contribute to plant health and defense. These microbes enhance plant growth, stress tolerance, and pathogen protection by inducing systemic resistance, producing antimicrobial compounds, and outcompeting pathogens for resources. Notable endophytes like Bacillus and Pseudomonas species are recognized for their bioactive metabolites and ability to suppress soilborne diseases. Advances in molecular biology have revealed the genetic mechanisms behind these interactions, presenting new opportunities for enhancing crop resilience. As eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, endophytes hold great promise in sustainable agriculture, but their successful application requires a deep understanding of the host-endophyte-pathogen relationship and the factors influencing endophyte activity. This review highlights the potential of endophytic microorganisms in sustainable crop management, focusing on their roles in disease resistance and future integration into agricultural practices.