Improving biochemical traits and zinc bioavailability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using zinc oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient for both plants and humans, playing a key role in numerous enzymatic processes and metabolic functions. However, Zn deficiency is a widespread issue affecting over 50% of agricultural soils globally and nearly one-third of the global population, leading to stunted growth, increased susceptibility to infections, and significant economic impacts. To address Zn deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) of varying sizes (35 nm, 40 nm, 95 nm) on Zn uptake, enzymatic activity, and phytic acid content. Conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, the experiment utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, including a control. The results indicated that smaller-sized ZnO NPs (35 nm) significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, increasing them by up to 18% and 30%, respectively. Additionally, grain Zn content rose from 19.6 to 27.55 mg/kg, and phytic acid content decreased by up to 33% with 35 nm ZnO NP application. These findings suggest that smaller-sized ZnO NPs improve Zn bioavailability, nutrient uptake, and enzymatic activities in wheat, reducing the negative effects of Zn deficiency. The study highlights the potential of ZnO NPs as an effective strategy to enhance wheat yield and nutritional quality, thereby addressing Zn deficiency in crops and contributing to improved global health. Further research is recommended to optimize ZnO NP application and assess potential environmental impacts.