Quantifying mosquito populations for informed control of Aedes aegypti breeding in Sudanese homes in North Kordofan, Sudan

Abstract

A cluster survey approach was conducted to identify indoor breeding sites of the primary vector, Aedes aegypti within El-Obeid City to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of dengue fever epidemiology in North Kordofan and strengthen prevention and control strategies. Methodology: Eighty clusters, each comprising ten households, were chosen via systematic random sampling. Households were examined identify indoor Aedes aegypti breeding sites within homes and to estimate entomological indices. The performance of the Integrated Vector Control (IVC) Program in North Kordofan State during the outbreak was conducted using a scoring system coined by IVC experts. Results: The study identified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as the culprit behind a dengue outbreak in El-Obeid City. These mosquitoes breed in man-made containers, especially uncovered clay water pots (zeers). High mosquito indices suggest a significant population. The survey identified several potential mosquito breeding risks that could have contributed to the outbreak's severity. Water shortages may have led residents to store more water around their homes, creating ideal breeding grounds. Additionally, stagnant water from leaks in the public water system situated close to houses likely provided further habitat for mosquito larvae. There is lack of public awareness regarding the daytime biting habits of the mosquito that transmits dengue fever; many interventions focus solely on night-time mosquito activity. Conclusion: Aedes mosquito is responsible for a major dengue outbreak in North Kordofan (NK), Sudan, Targeting clay pots, the primary breeding ground for these mosquitoes, is likely the most effective control strategy. There is need to adapt dengue control measures to seasonal variations. Community involvement is key factor for successful prevention. Raising public awareness about the daytime threat posed by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is crucial. Additionally, community participation in larviciding, clean-up initiatives, and improved waste management practices are essential for eliminating mosquito breeding sites. The effectiveness of the existing North Kordofan Integrated Vector Control Program requires further evaluation.