Insects in a changing climate: A review of distribution patterns, ecological roles and future challenges

Abstract

Climate change is reshaping ecosystems globally, with profound impacts on insect populations. This review explores the multifaceted effects of climate change on insects, focusing on alterations in population dynamics, distribution patterns, and ecological functions. As global temperatures rise and extreme weather events become more frequent, insects are experiencing shifts in their developmental rates, survival, and distribution. Warmer temperatures generally accelerate insect development and can enhance survival rates for some species, while disrupting overwintering processes and potentially leading to increased competition and resource depletion. Changes in precipitation and humidity further affect insect habitats, physiological stress, and breeding sites, influencing population densities and disease dynamics. The review highlights significant shifts in insect distribution, including poleward and altitudinal movements in response to changing climates. These shifts are leading to non-native species' invasion of new areas and alterations in local ecosystems. Climate-induced changes in migration patterns and ecological roles, such as pollination and decomposition, impact natural ecosystems and human agricultural systems. Notable case studies, including the mountain pine beetle and the Asian tiger mosquito, illustrate the diverse responses of insect species to climate change. Despite substantial progress in understanding these impacts, critical research gaps remain. Long-term studies are needed to assess sustained effects, while integrative approaches considering multiple stressors and experimental modeling can provide deeper insights into adaptive mechanisms and future trends. Comparative studies across taxa and regions, supported by citizen science and data sharing, will be crucial for developing effective management and conservation strategies. This review underscores the need for continued research to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on insect biodiversity and ecosystem functions.