Exploring immunopathological mechanisms underlying allergic diseases: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Allergic diseases are characterized by exaggerated immune responses to otherwise harmless environmental antigens, known as allergens. The prevalence of allergic conditions, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, has increased significantly over the past few decades, making them a major public health concern. This review explores the immunopathological mechanisms underlying allergic diseases, focusing on the roles of various immune cells, cytokines, and molecular pathways involved in the sensitization phase and the subsequent allergic response. By understanding these mechanisms, we can better appreciate the complexity of allergic diseases and identify potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.