Improving yield and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) through optimization of biochar and organic fertilizer application rates

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of optimized biochar and organic fertilizer application rates on the yield and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). A series of field experiments were conducted to determine the optimal combination of biochar and organic fertilizer that maximizes crop performance. Key parameters evaluated include plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and overall biomass production. The results indicate that specific application rates of biochar and organic fertilizer significantly enhance both the growth and nutritional quality of water spinach. The findings suggest that the strategic use of biochar and organic fertilizers can be an effective agronomic practice for sustainable vegetable production. Future research should focus on long-term soil health impacts and economic viability of the optimized fertilization strategy.