Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and their application in large ruminants

Abstract

The advancements in reproductive biotechnology for large ruminants encompass several key techniques, including Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET), in vitro Fertilization (IVF), and Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). Increasing calf production from a single donor through hormonal superovulation has traditionally been a fundamental method for enhancing genetic improvement known as Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET). However, IVF has emerged as a superior alternative due to its higher efficiency, reduced reliance on hormonal treatments, and the ability to use oocytes from diverse sources, including pre-pubertal and pregnant females. The process of IVF involves in vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture, offering a higher monthly yield of embryos compared to MOET. Additionally, technologies like ultrasonography-guided ovum pick-up and advanced genotyping techniques enhance the success and precision of these methods. SCNT, or cloning, provides a means to replicate superior genetics, although it remains less efficient. This article highlights the procedures, benefits, and challenges of these technologies, with a special emphasis on their application in the Indian dairy and beef industries. The advancements discussed underline the potential for these technologies to significantly enhance genetic selection, reproductive efficiency, and the overall productivity of livestock herds.