Evaluating the toxicological impacts of cobalt, copper, and cadmium on seed germination

Abstract

Heavy metals such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) are environmental pollutants that can have detrimental effects on plant growth and development. This study evaluates the toxicological impacts of Co, Cu, and Cd on seed germination in three plant species: radish (Raphanus sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). We examined germination rates, seedling growth parameters, and morphological changes under varying concentrations of these metals. The findings provide insights into the phytotoxic mechanisms of these heavy metals and their implications for agricultural productivity and environmental health.