An integral equation approach for long COVID-19

Abstract

This research was based on creating a Volterra- Fredholm integral Equation Model of the second kind for determining the variables associated with recovery R(T) of long COVID symptoms. Long COVID was determined to have post COVID symptoms longer than 3 months. It was deduced that long COVID symptoms were dependent on many independent variables, vaccination status β, race λ, gender δ (male), pre-existing conditions ɛ (heart disease), and death age impact factor ∝. Each of these variables was included in a multiple regression analysis in order to verify the significance of each variable and the significant variables were added to the Volterra-Fredholm Integral LC Model. The model was built using USA state data [1]. The model also included the infection rate ݛ¾ and sample size N. It was our assumption that this predictive model would be able to predict future outcomes of similar pandemics and endemics.