Stress-induced hematological and serum alterations as biomarkers in fish health assessment

Abstract

Hematological parameters are particularly sensitive to a wide range of environmental factors, including stress, infections, and water quality. Peripheral blood tests examine several red and white blood cell indices and frequently include biochemical assays as well. Despite the fact that employing haematological procedures is challenging and requires knowledge, there are several advantages, including the wealth of information and relatively low cost. Today, 50% of the fish consumed worldwide comes from aquaculture, and by 2030, it's expected to be the main source of fish. Due to the growth of aquaculture, importance of fish health monitoring systems have come to light more and more.