Exploring principles and protocols for biological weed control: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Biological control involves the targeted application of specific micro-organisms to control infestations of particular weeds, aiming to achieve effective results within the same year of application. The biological approach to weed management is considered more effective and environmentally friendly compared to chemical or mechanical methods, which are often less sustainable. The biological control approach encompasses two main methods: classical and inundative. The classical approach relies on natural enemies that take more than a year to develop effective, weed-suppressive populations, while the inundative method of weed control involves releasing a large number of predators, utilizing bioherbicides, and employing integrated pest management. This approach is less commonly used than the classical biological control method. This chapter delves into the examination of weed ecology, origin, principles, steps, and constraints associated with biological control. It explores why only a limited number of bioherbicides have demonstrated success in field-scale weed control, while others face challenges such as restricted host-range, intricate formulation requirements, and a lack of persistence in both conventional and sustainable agricultural systems.