Heavy metals in water and their cascading effects on ecosystems

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the presence of heavy metals in aquatic environments and their multifaceted impacts on ecosystems. Through a synthesis of current research, it highlights the sources, pathways, and toxicological effects of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic on aquatic life and terrestrial organisms. The study further explores the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and biomagnification, emphasizing their implications for biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health.