Dimensions of Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) seed production in Nepal: Exploring socio-economic perspectives

Abstract

Berseem clover stands as a prevalent choice among farmers in Nepal's dairy-pocket areas, functioning as a crucial winter fodder legume for both small-scale subsistence farmers and commercial counterparts. Despite its popularity for lush greenery, there is limited enthusiasm among farmers for seed production. This study, employing social surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, investigates this phenomenon. Conducted immediately after the Berseem clover cropping season, the household survey targets seed production pockets in Banke and Bardiya districts. Results indicate a higher involvement of female farmers in Berseem clover seed production compared to males, with respondents generally possessing a favorable educational background. Families cultivating Berseem clover seeds are predominantly engaged in agriculture, often combining it with remittances. Most farmers own Bari and Khet lands dedicated to Berseem clover cultivation, with the prevalent cropping pattern being paddy-Berseem clover (86.67%). Despite a notable reduction in cultivated land area per household for seed production, the study reveals Berseem clover seed production's greater economic viability compared to wheat and chickpea cultivation. Notably, 95% of farmers rely on seeds from formal sources, including government farms, research stations, government agencies, local agro-vets, and cooperatives. The marketing of Berseem clover seeds is extensively facilitated by both government agencies and private institutions. Challenges identified encompass lower productivity, unstable seed yield and quality, inadequate production packages for the region, storage facility challenges, cash-flow issues, mechanization concerns, marketing complexities, pricing challenges, seed quality, insect/caterpillar problems, Cascutta spp. infestations, other weed-related issues, and susceptibility to adverse climate and weather conditions.