A review of various methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens and toxins

Abstract

Pathogens and toxins in foods pose significant health risks and economic consequences worldwide. This review explores various techniques for detecting microbial pathogens and their toxins, emphasizing the importance of early screening in preventing foodborne illnesses. Conventional methods, relying on culturing microorganisms, are sensitive but time-consuming. Immunological-based methods, such as ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay, provide reliable results but can be affected by interfering molecules. Nucleic acid-based methods, including PCR and real-time PCR, offer rapid and specific detection of DNA or RNA sequences. Biosensor-based techniques, which make use of mass-based, optical, and electrochemical biosensors, offer quick and easy substitutes without requiring sample pre-enrichment. Nanomaterial-based biosensors show promise in enhancing stability and lowering detection limits. The review concludes, that the future developments will strengthen the importance of methods for the detection and monitoring of foodborne pathogens and toxins, with continuous research aimed at enhancing their precision and efficacy.