A comprehensive review on the utilization of waste generated from dairy industry

Abstract

Waste is a natural and unavoidable component of all processes, and it can be caused by a number of things, including resource utilisation, process inefficiencies, and the removal of less usable feedstock components. Due to the growing worldwide population, the dairy sector is expanding and producing waste such wastewater (from cleaning, processing, and maintenance), whey, and sludge. These elements are nutrient-rich and contain both organic and inorganic compounds. Dairy waste is also a danger to the environment due to the alkaline and acidic detergents and sterilising agents that are included in it. Thus, utilisation of biological techniques, such as microbial treatment, is necessary for the sustainable valorization of dairy waste. This paper highlights recent advancements in the use and valuation of dairy waste by microorganisms. Using microbes to handle dairy waste aerobically and anaerobically can be a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to produce biofertilizers, biofuels, electricity, and other biobased products.