Environmental and immunonutrition effects on public health linked to water pollutants and fish disease

Abstract

Freshwater aquatic environment are indeed in a bad state worldwide, due to human activities and there is an urgent need to save them and their biodiversity. Water plays a key role in diluting pollutants and because of that superiority as a solvent, it also means that water-soluble wastes pollute water easily. For instance, runoff from nearby lands provides freshwater life zones with an almost constant input of organic material, inorganic nutrients, and other pollutants. These cause undesirable changes in the physicochemical or biological factors of ecosystem, which in turn directly or indirectly affect the ecological balance of the environment, and ultimately affect human beings. And also advances in culture techniques and the introduction of new species have contributed to the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry. However, treatment methods including approved antibiotics and chemotherapeutants are directly or indirectly affected the consumer/environment-friendly. This review paper tried to indicate how agricultural activities and unbalanced fish nutrition affect fish health and water quality at large the environment.