Fixed time breeding programmes in cows, buffaloes, goats and sheep: A review

Abstract

Synchronization of estrus and ovulation is an effective reproductive managemental tool in bovines, caprines and ovines to breed them at a predetermined time without a need for estrus detection. These procedures are well adopted and used in normally cycling cows and buffaloes for more than three decades to improve the fertility. However studies and reports on the efficacies of synchronization of estrus and ovulation in repeat breeding cows, anestrus buffaloes and retained fetal membranes affected cows, goats and ewes are meagre. Hence in this review, effect of various protocols of synchronization of estrus and ovulation on estrus pattern, estrus behaviour, conception rate and endocrine profiles were analysed. Further, effect of inclusion of mineral mixture, Vitamin A and supplementation of human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) before, during and after synchronization and use of uterine ecbolics during immediate postpartum period on the success of estrus induction programmes in bovines was discussed. The estimation of blood biochemical constituents, thorough rectal and ultrasonographic examination of genital organs and endometrial biopsy for studying healthiness of uterus are recommended especially in infertile cows and buffaloes before the start of estrus induction programmes to achieve better results.