Plant response to the abiotic and biotic stresses: A review

Abstract

Biotic and abiotic stresses are the major factors affecting the crop productivity in terms of quality and quantity. Drought, water logging, salinity, air pollution, wind, heavy metal stress and extreme temperatures such as heat and chilling effect are the abiotic stresses responsible for the crop losses. Like abiotic stresses there are several biotic stresses such as insect-pest and disease stress which causes threat to the plants and effecting its growth and development. Most of the plant diseases are caused by biotic agents such as bacteria, fungi, virus and nematodes. Plants are not able to move but they have highly specialized immune system and are constantly being exposed to a number of stresses for which they exhibits intricate mechanisms like numerous physiological, molecular and cellular adaptations to make them survive under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants also posses multiple morphological characters which are associated with different biochemical and physiological pathway for the responses under several stress conditions.