Isozyme and morphometric variations of pines: A review

Abstract

Pines constitute the most important group of species among the various valuable natural resources of conifers in the Himalayas. They are considered the pioneer species for keeping the tree cover and the Himalayas green. The article reviews the results of various studies of different pine species based on the morphometric variations, different aspects of genetic improvement, genetic variation within and between populations, genetic diversity, differentiation and genetic distance.