A review on replacing fish meal in aqua feeds using plant and animal protein sources

Abstract

The fish meal is major protein source in the fish feed due to several reasons such as easily digestible, high protein content, balance in essential amino acid (EAA), lake of anti-nutritional factor (ANF) and unknown growth factor. But know the availability of fish meal stagnant or reduce due to day by day decreasing the catch from the sea. So the demand of fish meal can full fill by some alternative animal and plant fish feed ingredients without significant decrease the growth of fish. The animal based ingredients such as meat and bone meal, poultry by-products, feather meal and mussel meal etc. and plant based ingredient like soybean meal, groundnut oil cake, canola meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, byproducts from distillery, byproducts from breweries, byproducts/wastes from sugar industry etc. The plant ingredients have some ANFs, Deficient in certain EAAs, low nutrient digestibility, lesser nutrient bio-availability and palatability because of excessive degrees of non-soluble carbohydrates consisting of fibre and starch. The ANFs can be remove by soaking, cooking and chemical treatment, fibre content can be reduce by use of exogenous enzyme and deficiency of particular amino acid can be fulfill by using additives. Consistent with available evidences from different research findings, it is found that plant proteins can replace fish meal either in part or completely when certain dietary essential nutrients are provided that are discussed in the review.