Immuno-modulation in fishes against parasitic infections: A review

Abstract

Parasites are the opportunist organisms that attack on varied number of fish species and lead to various physiological and anatomical changes in them. It is well documented that fish parasites are associated with the alterations in haematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in fish communities all over the world. By acing as secondary pathogens, they have been linked with the imunomodulation in fishes. This review presents a thorough literature citing the various instances of immunomodulations in fishes against parasites.