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Review of Particle Physics

Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2018 · Vol. 98(3)

Masaharu Tanabashi✉(Obayashi (Japan))Katsuro Hagiwara(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)Ken‐ichi Hikasa(Tohoku University)K. Nakamura(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)Y. Sumino(Tohoku University)Fuminobu Takahashi(Tohoku University)J. Tanaka(The University of Tokyo)Kaustubh Agashe(University of Maryland, College Park)G. Aielli(University of Rome Tor Vergata)C. Amsler(Austrian Academy of Sciences)M. Antonelli(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati)D. M. Asner(Brookhaven National Laboratory)Howard Baer(University of Oklahoma)Sw. Banerjee(University of Louisville)R. M. Barnett(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Tullio Basaglia(European Organization for Nuclear Research)C. Bauer(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)J. J. Beatty(The Ohio State University)V.I. Belousov(Institute for High Energy Physics)J. Beringer(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)S. Bethke(Max Planck Institute for Physics)A. Bettini(University of Padua)H. Bichsel(University of Washington)O. Biebel(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)K. M. Black(Boston University)L. Bezrukov(University of Chicago)O. Buchmüller(Imperial College London)Volker Burkert(Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility)M. Bychkov(University of Virginia)R. N. Cahn(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Marcela Carena(University of Chicago)A. Ceccucci(European Organization for Nuclear Research)A. Cerri(University of Sussex)D. Chakraborty(Northern Illinois University)Mu–Chun Chen(University of California, Irvine)R. Sekhar Chivukula(Michigan State University)G. A. Cowan(Royal Holloway University of London)O. I. Dahl(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Giancarlo D’Ambrosio(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli)Thibault Damour(Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques)Daniel de Florian(National University of General San Martín)A. de Gouvêa(Northwestern University)Thomas DeGrand(University of Colorado Boulder)P. de Jong(University of Amsterdam)G. Dissertori(ETH Zurich)Bogdan A. Dobrescu(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)M. D’Onofrio(University of Liverpool)M. Doser(European Organization for Nuclear Research)M. Drees(University of Bonn)Herbi K. Dreiner(University of Bonn)D. A. Dwyer(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)P. Eerola(University of Helsinki)S. Eidelman(Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences)J. Ellis(King's College London)J. Erler(Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México)В. В. Ежела(Institute for High Energy Physics)W. Fetscher(ETH Zurich)Brian D. Fields(University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)R. B. Firestone(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)B. Foster(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY)A. Freitas(University of Pittsburgh)H. Gallagher(Tufts University)L. Garren(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)H.-J. Gerber(ETH Zurich)G. Gerbier(Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers)T. Gershon(University of Warwick)Y. Gershtein(Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey)Tony Gherghetta(University of Minnesota)A. Godizov(Institute for High Energy Physics)M. C. Goodman(Argonne National Laboratory)C. Grab(ETH Zurich)A. V. Gritsan(Johns Hopkins University)Christophe Grojean(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)D. E. Groom(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)M. Grünewald(University College Dublin)A. Gurtu(European Organization for Nuclear Research)T. Gutsche(University of Tübingen)Howard E. Haber(University of California, Santa Cruz)C. Hanhart(Forschungszentrum Jülich)S. Hashimoto(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)Y. Hayato(The University of Tokyo)K. Hayes(Hillsdale College)Arthur Hebecker(Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies)S. Heinemeyer(Instituto de Física de Cantabria)B. K. Heltsley(Cornell University)J.J. Hernandez(Instituto de Física Corpuscular)Junji Hisano(Obayashi (Japan))A. Höcker(European Organization for Nuclear Research)J. Holder(University of Delaware)Annette Holtkamp(European Organization for Nuclear Research)Tetsuo Hyodo(Kyoto University)K. D. Irwin(Stanford University)K. F. Johnson(Florida State University)M. Kado(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)Marek Karliner(Tel Aviv University)U. Katz(Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg)S. R. Klein(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)E. Klempt(University of Bonn)R. Kowalewski(University of Victoria)Frank Krauss(Durham University)M. Kreps(University of Warwick)B. Krusche(University of Basel)Yu. V. Kuyanov(Institute for High Energy Physics)Y. Kwon(Yonsei University)O. Lahav(University College London)J. Laiho(Syracuse University)Julien Lesgourgues(RWTH Aachen University)Andrew R. Liddle(University of Edinburgh)Zoltan Ligeti(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)C.-J. David Lin(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)C. Lippmann(GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research)T. M. Liss(City College of New York)L. Littenberg(Brookhaven National Laboratory)K. S. Lugovsky(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)S. B. Lugovsky(Institute for High Energy Physics)A. Lusiani(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)Y. Makida(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)Fabio Maltoni(UCLouvain)Thomas Mannel(Folkwang University of the Arts)A. V. Manohar(University of California San Diego)William J. Marciano(Brookhaven National Laboratory)A. D. Martin(Durham University)A. Masoni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Cagliari)J. MatthewsUlf-G. Meißner(Forschungszentrum Jülich)D. A. Milstead(AlbaNova)R. E. Mitchell(Indiana University Bloomington)K. Mönig(German Institute for Adult Education – Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning)P. Molaro(National Institute for Astrophysics)F. Moortgat(European Organization for Nuclear Research)Micha Moskovic(European Organization for Nuclear Research)Hitoshi Murayama(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)M. Narain(Brown University)Paolo Nason(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca)S. Navas(Universidad de Granada)Matthias Neubert(Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz)P. Nevski(Brookhaven National Laboratory)Yosef Nir(Weizmann Institute of Science)Keith A. Olive(University of Minnesota)S. Pagan Griso(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)J. A. Parsons(Columbia University)C. Patrignani(University of Bologna)J. A. Peacock(University of Edinburgh)M. R. Pennington(Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility)S. T. Petcov(Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy)В. А. Петров(Institute for High Energy Physics)E. Pianori(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)A. Piepke(University of Alabama)Alex Pomarol(Institute for High Energy Physics)A. Quadt(University of Göttingen)Jonas Rademacker(University of Bristol)G. Raffelt(Max Planck Institute for Physics)B. N. Ratcliff(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)Peter Richardson(Durham University)Andreas Ringwald(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY)S. Roesler(European Organization for Nuclear Research)S. Rolli(Vehicle Technologies Office)A. Romaniouk(National Research Nuclear University MEPhI)L. J. Rosenberg(University of Washington)J. L. Rosner(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)G. Rybka(University of Washington)R. A. Ryutin(Institute for High Energy Physics)C. T. Sachrajda(University of Southampton)Y. Sakai(High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)G. P. Salam(European Organization for Nuclear Research)S. Sarkar(University of Oxford)F. Sauli(European Organization for Nuclear Research)O. Schneider(École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)K. Scholberg(Duke University)A. J. Schwartz(University of Cincinnati)D. Scott(University of British Columbia)V. Sharma(University of California San Diego)S. R. Sharpe(University of Washington)T. Shutt(SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory)M. Silari(European Organization for Nuclear Research)Torbjörn Sjöstrand(Lund University)Peter Skands(Monash University)T. Skwarnicki(Syracuse University)J. G. Smith(University of Colorado Boulder)George F. Smoot(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)S. Spanier(University of Tennessee at Knoxville)H. Spieler(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)C. Spiering(German Institute for Adult Education – Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning)A. Stahl(RWTH Aachen University)S. Stone(Syracuse University)T. Sumiyoshi(Tokyo Metropolitan University)M. Syphers(Northern Illinois University)K. Terashi(The University of Tokyo)John Terning(University of California, Davis)U. Thoma(University of Bonn)R. S. Thorne(University College London)L. Tiator(Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz)M. Titov(Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives)Н. П. Ткаченко(Institute for High Energy Physics)Nils A. Törnqvist(University of Helsinki)D. R. Tovey(University of Sheffield)G. Valencia(Monash University)R. G. Van de Water(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)N. Varelas(University of Illinois Chicago)G. Venanzoni(Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa)Licia Verde(Universitat de Barcelona)M. G. Vincter(Carleton University)P. Vogel(California Institute of Technology)A. Vogt(University of Liverpool)S. P. Wakely(University of Chicago)W. Walkowiak(University of Siegen)C. W. Walter(Duke University)David Wands(University of Portsmouth)D. R. Ward(Cavendish Hospital)M. O. Wascko(Imperial College London)G. Weiglein(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY)David H. Weinberg(The Ohio State University)Erick J. Weinberg(Columbia University)M. J. White(University of California, Berkeley)L. R. Wiencke(Colorado School of Mines)S. Willocq(University of Massachusetts Amherst)C.G. Wohl(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)J. Womersley(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)C. Woody(Brookhaven National Laboratory)R. L. Workman(George Washington University Virginia Campus)W-M. Yao(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)G. P. Zeller(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)O. V. Zenin(Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology)R. Y. Zhu(California Institute of Technology)Shi-Lin Zhu(Peking University)F. Zimmermann(European Organization for Nuclear Research)P. Żyła(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)J. Anderson(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Louise Fuller(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)V. S. Lugovsky(Institute for High Energy Physics)Paul Schaffner(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)Particle Data Group

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Abstract

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology.Starting with this edition, the Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and all review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings. Review articles that were previously part of the Listings are now included in volume 1.The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is also available.The 2018 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as: M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 98, 030001 (2018).

Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena Particle physics theoretical and experimental studiesPhysicsParticle physicsHiggs bosonSupersymmetryDark matterCosmologyElementary particlePhysics beyond the Standard ModelStandard Model (mathematical formulation)Neutrino