Progress on Perovskite Materials and Solar Cells with Mixed Cations and Halide Anions
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskite materials (e.g., MAPbI<sub>3</sub>, FAPbI<sub>3</sub>, etc.; where MA = CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>, FA = CH(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>) have been studied intensively for photovoltaic applications. Major concerns for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic technology to take off include lead toxicity, long-term stability, hysteresis, and optimal bandgap. Therefore, there is still need for further exploration of alternative candidates. Elemental composition engineering of MAPbI<sub>3</sub> and FAPbI<sub>3</sub> has been proposed to address the above concerns. Among the best six certified power conversion efficiencies reported by National Renewable Energy Laboratory on perovskite-based solar cells, five are based on mixed perovskites (e.g., MAPbI<sub>1-x</sub>Br<sub>x</sub>, FA<sub>0.85</sub>MA<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.55</sub>Br<sub>0.45</sub>, Cs<sub>0.1</sub>FA<sub>0.75</sub>MA<sub>0.15</sub>PbI<sub>2.49</sub>Br<sub>0.51</sub>). In this paper, we review the recent progress on the synthesis and fundamental aspects of mixed cation and halide perovskites correlating with device performance, long-term stability, and hysteresis. In the outlook, we outline the future research directions based on the reported results as well as related topics that warrant further investigation.
Funding
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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