Impact of planar microcavity effects on light extraction-Part I: basic concepts and analytical trends

Abstract

We address the long-standing issue of extracting light as efficiently as possible from a high-index material, n/spl ges/2, where as little as 2%-10% of light not suffering total internal reflection is extracted at standard plane faces due to the small critical angle /spl sim/1/n. Using a planar microcavity to redirect spontaneous emission toward the surface, constructive interferences can bring 15%-50% of the light out, enhancing brightness and efficiency. In this first of two papers, an approximate approach is used showing the importance of small cavity order m/sub c/ and of the m/sub c//n/sup 2/ ratio. We define a condition for microcavity regime as m/sub c/<2n/sup 2/. It is shown that most of light extraction is usually attained for moderate mirror reflectivities /spl sim/1-m/sub c//n/sup 2/ typically below 90%, and without strong directionality. Balance between emission directionality, radiance (brightness), and spectral narrowing is discussed. We define a brightness enhancement factor B given by Bm/sub c//spl Delta//spl Omega/=4/spl pi/ where /spl Delta//spl Omega/ is the largest internal solid angle of either the cavity mode or that deduced from the material emission linewidth. Design rules are applied to distributed dielectric mirrors yielding an optimal number of periods. The underlying physical competition between emission into guided modes, Fabry-Perot modes and the so-called "leaky modes" is analyzed.