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An invariant of regular isotopy

Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · 1990 · Vol. 318(2) · pp. 417–471

Abstract

This paper studies a two-variable Laurent polynomial invariant of regular isotopy for classical unoriented knots and links. This invariant is denoted <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript upper K"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{L_K}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> for a link <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper K"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>, and it satisfies the axioms: 1. Regularly isotopic links receive the same polynomial. 2. <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline equals 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{L_{[{\text {unk}}]}} = 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. 3. <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline equals a upper L comma upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline equals a Superscript negative 1 Baseline upper L"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace width="2em"/> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{L_{[{\text {unk}}]}} = aL,\qquad {L_{[{\text {unk}}]}} = {a^{ - 1}}L</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. 4. <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline plus upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline equals z left-parenthesis upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline plus upper L Subscript left-bracket unk right-bracket Baseline right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk]</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk]</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mtext>unk]</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{L_{[{\text {unk}}]}} + {L_{[{\text {unk]}}}} = z({L_{[{\text {unk]}}}} + {L_{[{\text {unk]}}}})</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. Small diagrams indicate otherwise identical parts of larger diagrams. Regular isotopy is the equivalence relation generated by the Reidemeister moves of type II and type III. Invariants of ambient isotopy are obtained from <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> by writhe-normalization.

Geometric and Algebraic TopologyBone health and treatmentsConnective tissue disorders researchAlgorithmArtificial intelligenceAnnotationComputer scienceMathematics

Funding

  • National Science Foundation
  • Office of Naval Research
Citations
570
FWCI
14.78
field-weighted impact
References
44
Percentile
99%
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References
Quantum field theory and the Jones polynomial
Communications in Mathematical Physics · 1989 · 4,663 citations
Hecke Algebra Representations of Braid Groups and Link Polynomials
Annals of Mathematics · 1987 · 1,459 citations
Topological invariants of knots and links
Transactions of the American Mathematical Society · 1928 · 703 citations
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An invariant of regular isotopy · Scinovex