A generalization of Banach’s contraction principle
Abstract
Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T colon upper M right-arrow upper M"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T:M \to M</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a mapping of a metric space <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis upper M comma d right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(M,d)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> into itself. A mapping <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> will be called a quasi-contraction iff <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d left-parenthesis upper T x comma upper T y right-parenthesis less-than-or-slanted-equals q max left-brace d left-parenthesis x comma y right-parenthesis semicolon d left-parenthesis x comma upper T x right-parenthesis semicolon d left-parenthesis y comma upper T y right-parenthesis semicolon d left-parenthesis x comma upper T y right-parenthesis semicolon d left-parenthesis y comma upper T x right-parenthesis right-brace"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⩽</mml:mo> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d(Tx,Ty) \leqslant q\max \{ d(x,y);d(x,Tx);d(y,Ty);d(x,Ty);d(y,Tx)\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> for some <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="q greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">q > 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and all <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x comma y element-of upper M"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x,y \in M</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. In the present paper the mappings of this kind are investigated. The results presented here show that the condition of quasi-contractivity implies all conclusions of Banach’s contraction principle. Multi-valued quasi-contractions are also discussed.
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