Composition, structure, and stability of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">RuO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mn/><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn/></mml:math>as a function of oxygen pressure

Abstract

Using density-functional theory we calculate the Gibbs free energy to determine the lowest-energy structure of a ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}(110)$ surface in thermodynamic equilibrium with an oxygen-rich environment. The traditionally assumed stoichiometric termination is only found to be favorable at low oxygen chemical potentials, i.e., low pressures and/or high temperatures. At a realistic O pressure, the surface is predicted to contain additional terminal O atoms. Although this O excess defines a so-called polar surface, we show that the prevalent ionic model, that dismisses such terminations on electrostatic grounds, is of little validity for ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{2}(110).$ Together with analogous results obtained previously at the (0001) surface of corundum-structured oxides, these findings on (110) rutile indicate that the stability of nonstoichiometric terminations is a more general phenomenon of transition metal oxide surfaces.